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[Editor's Note: This is the sixth part in a series of articles covering the history of the pioneering launch company American Rocket Company] The Rocket The American Rocket Company (AMROC) developed a family of rockets called the Industrial Launch Vehicle. These vehicle were to have been powered by a hybrid engine, which is a solid fuel, liquid oxidizer engine. ILV was to use a hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (rubber) solid fuel and liquid-oxygen oxidizer. AMROC's first attempted launch of its vehicle (SET-1, Single Engine Test-1) on October 5, 1989 was aborted when a liquid oxygen valve, frozen over by frost from the humid morning atmosphere, failed to provide enough oxygen to support adequate thrust. A subsequent hydrogen peroxide fire caused enough heat to weaken the structural supports at the base of the pad, causing teh rocket to tip over and fall on its side. Significantly, the rocket neither exploded nor released toxic fumes, demonstrating one of the safety features of using hybrid systems. Instead, it burned on the pad, doing relatively little damage to the pad (between $1,000 and $2,000) or to the two payloads it was to carry on a suborbital flight.
Prior to this failure, in July of 1989, Amroc founder and President George Koopman died tragically in a car accident while driving down the california coastline. The SET-1 vehicle was dubbed the "Koopman Express". Following the failure, American Rocket attempted to regroup and regain financing. It was purchased by investors and the launch vehicle was redesigned and renamed the Aquila. Amroc attempted to develop this vehicle for several years, but in 1995, it finally declared bankruptcy. Amroc planned two orbital launchers. Aquila-21 would use two H-1800 strapons on one central H-1800 stage , a United Technologies Orbus-21 second stage and an Amroc U-75 rocket in the third stage. An uprated version, the Aquila-31, would use three instead of two strapons H-1800. The design of the H-1800 had an average vacuum thrust of 1.003 kN, and average vacuum specific impulse of 2724 N*s/kg. The nozzle of the engine, DM-01, is fixed, with thrust vectoring by LOX injection through the side of the silica-phenolic nozzle. Each of the H-1800 motors weighs 36,97 tons fully fueled, with 9,98 tons of HTPB propellant and 22,0 tons of oxygen. The U-75 was a Amroc hybrid design using self-pressurizing pressure-fed nitrous oxide (N2O) as the oxidiser. Patents Issued to American Rocket Company | | PAT. NO. | | Title | | 1 | 6,073,437 | | Stable-combustion oxidizer for hybrid rockets | | 2 | 5,794,435 | | Stable-combustion oxidizer vaporizer for hybrid rockets | | 3 | 5,722,232 | | Hybrid helium heater pressurization system and electrical ignition system for pressure-fed hybrid rockets | | 4 | 5,529,648 | | Heterogeneous fuel for hybrid rocket | | 5 | 5,339,625 | | Hybrid rocket motor solid fuel grain | | 6 | 5,119,627 | | Embedded pressurization system for hybrid rocket motor |
Industrial Launch Vehicle (Aquila) - LEO Payload: 1,818 kg. to 217 km Orbit.
- Liftoff Thrust: 1,135,630 kgf.
- Liftoff Thrust: 11,136.70 kN.
- Total Mass: 591,180 kg.
- Core Diameter: 1.83 m.
- Total Length: 70.00 m.
- Launch Price $: 8.00 million. (1987 US$)
, Amroc ILV Engine Data SET (Single Engine Test) | Stage | Engines | Thru,t s.l. | Isp s.l. | Thrust vac | Isp vac | Propellant | Burn time | Flow rate | Total Imp | | ,- | - | kN | N*s/kg | kN | N*s/kg | tons | s | t/s | MN*s | | , | H-1500 | 780,7 | 2334 | 931,3 | 2785 | 25,10 | 75 | 0,3345 | 69,9 | Aquila-21/-31 | Stage | Engines | Thrust s.l. | Isp s.l. | Thrust vac | Isp vac | Propellant | Burn time | Flow rate | Total Imp | Liftoff Mass | Empty Mass | Diam. | Length | | ,- | - | kN | N*s/kg | kN | N*s/kg | tons | s | t/s | MN*s | kg | kg | m | m | | Booster | H-1800 (DM-01) | 921 | 2275 | 1.003 | 2724 | 31,98 | 79 | 0,4049 | 87,1 | 31,000 | 5,900 | 1.83 | 19.5 | | 1 | H-1800 (DM-01) | 921 | 2275 | 1.003 | 2724 | 31,98 | 79 | 0,4049 | 87,1 | 31,000 | 5,900 | 1.83 | 19.5 | | 2 | Orbus-21 | , | , | 194,5 | 2883 | 9,76 | 145 | ,0,0675 | 28,1 | , | , | , | , | | 3 | U-75 | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , |
| Images of Amroc SET-1 Test Launch Vehicle | Fig. 1 Engine test stand apparatus at the USAF Lab | Fig. 2 Fabrication of Amroc propulsion modules | Fig. 3 Nose fairing construction | Fig. 4 Static test of Amroc hybrid rocket | Figure 5 | Fig. 6 Launch control center | Fig. 7 SET-1 on the pad at dusk before launch attempt | Fig. 8 Tower rolled back from SET-1 | Fig. 9 SET-1 fueled for testing on the pad | Fig. 10 SET-1 ignition and thrust buildup prior to failure | Fig. 11 SET-1 burns on the pad after a frozen LOX valve and peroxide fire | Sources: Encyclopedia Astronautica, www.astronautix.com
Read Part 8: After The Fall, Resurrection Read Part 7: The Proof Of The Pudding: SET-1 Read Part 6: The Rocket Read Part 5: Questions & Answers Read Part 4: Propulsion Read Part 3: Electronics Read Part 2: In The Beginning Read Part 1: Introduction
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