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Inside Spaceflight :: Featured Videos :: Forum
Volume 7; Issue 209       Spaceflight News       ISSN 1939-8522

 
  Getting Into The Launch Business: The Amroc Story, Part 6    

[Editor's Note: This is the sixth part in a series of articles covering the history of the pioneering launch company American Rocket Company]

The Rocket

The American Rocket Company (AMROC) developed a family of rockets called the Industrial Launch Vehicle. These vehicle were to have been powered by a hybrid engine, which is a solid fuel, liquid oxidizer engine. ILV was to use a hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (rubber) solid fuel and liquid-oxygen oxidizer. AMROC's first attempted launch of its vehicle (SET-1, Single Engine Test-1) on October 5, 1989 was aborted when a liquid oxygen valve, frozen over by frost from the humid morning atmosphere, failed to provide enough oxygen to support adequate thrust. A subsequent hydrogen peroxide fire caused enough heat to weaken the structural supports at the base of the pad, causing teh rocket to tip over and fall on its side. Significantly, the rocket neither exploded nor released toxic fumes, demonstrating one of the safety features of using hybrid systems. Instead, it burned on the pad, doing relatively little damage to the pad (between $1,000 and $2,000) or to the two payloads it was to carry on a suborbital flight.




Prior to this failure, in July of 1989, Amroc founder and President George Koopman died tragically in a car accident while driving down the california coastline. The SET-1 vehicle was dubbed the "Koopman Express". Following the failure, American Rocket attempted to regroup and regain financing. It was purchased by investors and the launch vehicle was redesigned and renamed the Aquila. Amroc attempted to develop this vehicle for several years, but in 1995, it finally declared bankruptcy.

Amroc planned two orbital launchers. Aquila-21 would use two H-1800 strapons on one central H-1800 stage , a United Technologies Orbus-21 second stage and an Amroc U-75 rocket in the third stage. An uprated version, the Aquila-31, would use three instead of two strapons H-1800.

The design of the H-1800 had an average vacuum thrust of 1.003 kN, and average vacuum specific impulse of 2724 N*s/kg. The nozzle of the engine, DM-01, is fixed, with thrust vectoring by LOX injection through the side of the silica-phenolic nozzle. Each of the H-1800 motors weighs 36,97 tons fully fueled, with 9,98 tons of HTPB propellant and 22,0 tons of oxygen. The U-75 was a Amroc hybrid design using self-pressurizing pressure-fed nitrous oxide (N2O) as the oxidiser.

Patents Issued to American Rocket Company
PAT. NO. Title
1 6,073,437 Full-Text Stable-combustion oxidizer for hybrid rockets
2 5,794,435 Full-Text Stable-combustion oxidizer vaporizer for hybrid rockets
3 5,722,232 Full-Text Hybrid helium heater pressurization system and electrical ignition system for pressure-fed hybrid rockets
4 5,529,648 Full-Text Heterogeneous fuel for hybrid rocket
5 5,339,625 Full-Text Hybrid rocket motor solid fuel grain
6 5,119,627 Full-Text Embedded pressurization system for hybrid rocket motor

Industrial Launch Vehicle (Aquila)

  • LEO Payload: 1,818 kg. to 217 km Orbit.
  • Liftoff Thrust: 1,135,630 kgf.
  • Liftoff Thrust: 11,136.70 kN.
  • Total Mass: 591,180 kg.
  • Core Diameter: 1.83 m.
  • Total Length: 70.00 m.
  • Launch Price $: 8.00 million. (1987 US$)

,

Amroc ILV Engine Data

SET (Single Engine Test)

Stage

Engines

Thru,t s.l.

Isp s.l.

Thrust vac

Isp vac

Propellant

Burn time

Flow rate

Total Imp

,- - kN N*s/kg kN N*s/kg tons s t/s MN*s
, H-1500 780,7 2334 931,3 2785 25,10 75 0,3345 69,9

Aquila-21/-31

,

Stage

Engines

Thrust s.l.

Isp s.l.

Thrust vac

Isp vac

Propellant

Burn time

Flow rate

Total Imp

Liftoff Mass

Empty Mass

Diam.

Length

,- - kN N*s/kg kN N*s/kg tons s t/s MN*s kg kg m m
Booster H-1800 (DM-01) 921 2275 1.003 2724 31,98 79 0,4049 87,1 31,000 5,900 1.83 19.5
1 H-1800 (DM-01) 921 2275 1.003 2724 31,98 79 0,4049 87,1 31,000 5,900 1.83 19.5
2 Orbus-21 , , 194,5 2883 9,76 145 0,0675 28,1 , , , ,
3 U-75 , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Images of Amroc SET-1 Test Launch Vehicle

Fig. 1 Engine test stand apparatus at the USAF Lab

Fig. 2 Fabrication of Amroc propulsion modules

Fig. 3 Nose fairing construction

Fig. 4 Static test of Amroc hybrid rocket

Figure 5

Fig. 6 Launch control center

Fig. 7 SET-1 on the pad at dusk before launch attempt

Fig. 8 Tower rolled back from SET-1

Fig. 9 SET-1 fueled for testing on the pad

Fig. 10 SET-1 ignition and thrust buildup prior to failure

Fig. 11 SET-1 burns on the pad after a frozen LOX valve and peroxide fire

Sources:
Encyclopedia Astronautica, www.astronautix.com

Read Part 8: After The Fall, Resurrection
Read Part 7: The Proof Of The Pudding: SET-1
Read Part 6: The Rocket
Read Part 5: Questions & Answers
Read Part 4: Propulsion
Read Part 3: Electronics
Read Part 2: In The Beginning
Read Part 1: Introduction

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